Fear of Failure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fear of Failure - Research Paper Example Moreover, this social self also secretly cherishes to be approved, acknowledged and be deemed as a success. Thus, many people are apprehensive of failure because through their unparalleled achievements, they want to quench the craving of their social selves. The correlation between fear of failure and conditional self-esteem: From childhood onwards, we are exposed to the belief that, love, rewards, happiness and recognition can only coexist with success and achievement. Failure on the other hand is juxtaposed with, dismissal, rejection and disapproval. During the adolescence years, this belief is time and again reaffirmed- both in the classroom setting as well as within one’s domestic domain. For instance, children who are considered as high achievers are often showered with more love, attention and encouragement- both by teachers as well as by parents. Consequently, a child’s self-esteem and self-regard becomes rigidly dependent on his achievement in either academic or social endeavours. This conditional self-esteem is carried into adulthood as well and constantly gives negative feed-back to the individual regarding his so-called failures.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance Research Paper

Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance - Research Paper Example CSR- related policies function as built-in, mechanisms through which the business evaluates and ensures that it operates actively in compliance with ethical standards, the law, and international expectations. As such, CRS activities are supposed to impact the stakeholders, environment, communities, consumers, employees and the overall public sphere positively. There are a number of goals that drive businesses into engaging in corporate citizenship. However, the key objective of the activity relates to the establishment of sustainable businesses, which, in fact, need healthy communities, markets, and economies. Some of the drivers of corporate social responsibility include enlightened self-interest, social investment, trust and transparency, and increased expectations of enterprises by the public according to ASOCIO (2004). There are various approaches that corporate entities can take in regard to social responsibility. While for example, some will opt for philanthropy, others will op t for a community-based development approach. Yet again, others will prefer to go the Creating Shared Value (CSV) way. Whichever method or approach is assumed, however, the organization somehow commits some of its resources for the good of other parties as earlier mentioned. Research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has blossomed in the 21st century. There is also an increased interest in the topic by different firms and people as seen in table 1. This is attributed to various factors like pressure exerted on organizations to demonstrate high ethical standards and the increasing concern about CSR expressed by policymakers. Firms from developing countries are driven by heightened demands on forms exporting to their products to Europe and other western countries do document their compliance to high ethical standards so as to be competitive. Generally, various organizations develop and express CSR because of various factors that can be summarised as internal and external factor s. In this paper, three international companies namely Monsanto Company, Microsoft Corporation, and Coca-Cola Company will be used to illustrate the various arguments. All the three companies already have a CRS in place.   Why International firms are showing increasing interests in corporate social responsibility and corporate governance There are internal and external factors that are making or motivating international firms to show increasing interests in CSR and corporate governance. Internal factors include managers, shareholders, employees, customers, and suppliers while external factors include social, economic, cultural, legal/government regulations, technological, global standard and nongovernment organizations. Economic and Social factors Researchers have given a special attention to the connection between CSR and the financial performance of an organization.

Has The Traditional Marketing Eloped By Internet Marketing Marketing Essay

Has The Traditional Marketing Eloped By Internet Marketing Marketing Essay This research project compares traditional marketing and internet marketing to show the difference characteristics between them. Also this project is done to find out what marketing tools are effective for some chosen companies in the food industry. The main difference between internet marketing and traditional marketing is also studied in this project. Different textbooks, websites, articles and interviews are taken for the information required in this study. Both the quantitative and qualitative approaches are used in this research. Quantitative data are gathered form the website of the UK National Statistics. The author conducted interviews with three companies operation in the food industry in UK to collect information needed for the analysis in this study. After analyzing different aspects of theory, comparison and interview answers conclusion was drawn. Both the internet marketing and traditional marketing has their own advantages. Therefore, the most effective way of marketing is using the advantages of both internet marketing and traditional marketing according to the goals of the company. 1. Introduction Profit maximisation is the main objective of most business organisations for which they use marketing as their marketing strategy. Thus they use different strategies to sell their products and services. They always want to satisfy their target customers by creating, promoting and selling their product and services. One of the strategies they use is marketing, which can make a business grow and thereby become more powerful. To find out what sort of marketing to use in different area to achieve high share of market and high sales rate is very essential (Karp, 1974). According to Dayal et al. 1996, marketing can be defined as the activity of satisfying the needs and wants of buyers through the exchange process in a manner which enables the firm to achieve its objectives. On the other hand, Saxena (2006), marketing means understanding and responding to customers needs. Marketing is an organisational function and a set of process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in way that benefit the organisation and its stakeholders (Parsons, et al. 2009). Marketing is considered to be a process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs and wants of a target market at a profit (Kotler, 2003). The Term Marketing Mix (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion) was introduced for the first time by Professor Neil Borden in approximately 1953. Markets were offered opportunities to exploit each aspect of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix and satisfy their customers needs and wants, as soon as the concept was introduced by him (Karp, 1974). Technology has changed marketing, after staying same for several years marketing has now affected by internet and out lives has become easy. It brings new opportunities for marketing as a new communication channel and has been replacing the traditional medium of communication and selling goods and services. Problem discussion In traditional marketing, channels of communications such as magazines, catalogues, face to face communication etc are used. And nowadays in the internet marketing, internet is used as a communication channel as a part of direct marketing. New opportunities have been provided by this new communication channel which has affected marketing process. All the channels of communications have their own importance but internet is a channel that has developed and is continuously developing which has got a lot of attention from everyone. Right decision when choosing right marketing strategy for a marketer is very essential. For that the marketer should know the differences between internet and traditional marketing and their advantages and disadvantages also. Some obvious questions might arise in our mind that: which marketing approach is beneficial comparing traditional and internet marketing? In the real life companies, which tool is the most used ones? Is traditional marketing left back wit h the use of internet marketing? Is the traditional marketing and internet marketing independent to each other? Author find these issues interesting and companies entering the market will find this report helpful in prioritise their marketing tools and also have clear picture of all the elements of marketing mix and the comparison of internet and traditional marketing. Objective The main objective of this research is to identify different characteristics of traditional marketing and internet marketing. Comparing Internet marketing and traditional marketing used by different organisations in food industry. Also, what marketing tools are effective for the chosen companies in the food industries are to be discussed? The managers of the companies who need to make a decision about selecting the marketing tools and strategies will find this research helpful. They also will find the studies done on marketing theories and comparison between them, point of view of managers that were interviewed and the analysis made based in these things. Limitations The marketing managers of chosen companies are working in UK and their answers are related to UK food and takeaway market. This research might not be suitable for business to business companies as it is only focused on business to consumers. 2. Literature Review Different theories on the marketing mix and also traditional and internet marketing is presented in depth. 2.1 Traditional marketing According to Kotler 2003, Marketing is considered to be a collective process where individuals or groups can exchange goods or services based on their needs and wants. Neil Borden for the first time approx in 1953 presented the content of marketing process as marketing mix, representing the mixture of useful elements for marketing. Kotler considers the marketing mix as a mixture of different instruments or tools for pursuing a marketing plan (Walter, 1992). Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and organisational objectives. In traditional marketing, channels of communications such as magazines, catalogues, face to face communication etc are used. The aim is to create products and services which sell themselves by being what customers need and want (Kotler, 2003). The marketing mix is probably the most famous phrase in marketing. The elements are the marketing tactics. Also known as the Four Ps, the marketing mix elements are price, place, product, and promotion. Price According to Belohlavek 2008, Price is a Conditioning element to the purchase. In general, except for commodities, price only conditions but does not determine. The price, by conditioning, determines if the product chosen, as first choice, is the one desired. The pricing of services is one of the major factors in competing with other business open to most organisations. By fixing prices below those of competitors, a company will hope to get a greater share of the market, all other aspects of competition being equal (Gubbins, 2003) On the other hand, Kotler presents, it is an important part of the marketing strategy and it sends out a message about the product, company and image. Pricing is decided upon the interest and goal of the company that they want to achieve. Whether, they want bigger market share, maximum profit or possibly a specific position in the market. It is very important job to set the price as it affect demand as the demand and price are dependent to each other. Product Product, or service, is the element which satisfies the clients needs. The product or services generates two types of relationships with the prospect: a functional and a linking one. The functional relationship refers to the products use value and the link with the product is mainly defined by the complementarity between itself and the client (Belohlavek, 2008). Product is the solution to customers wants or/and needs. There are different aspects of product that needs to be considered. Quality, design and function of the product are some examples of different aspects of the product. The size, colour and general design should be considered by the marketer for the product appearance. The demand should be also kept in mind so that what is required in the market should be known and for that research and market study is essential. Service is also included in the product or is a part of this P. The company can provide warranty as a good customer service which is attached with the product and thus is a part of this P. Place Products and services have to reach their customers to be consumed. In traditional market, it was possible for producers and their customers to meet face- to face to exchange goods and services. The product and services should reach the customer in the right manner at right place. The process of moving product and service through different intermediaries to reach the end user is considered under this part of P (Stone et al., 2007). According to Kotler 2003, place in marketing can be about location in the means of store, factory and storage. Also the decision on distribution channels and transport are part of it. Place is the crucial thing to determine for the business. The company who need wide space can chose location outside city which is cost effective. The company who need crowds and is opening new store need to be located in city centre, which is a bit costly but attracts customers attention and possible customers would drop in when passing by. A number of factors affect the nature of the supply chain that evolves to suit the needs of the producer and to meet customer demand (Stone et al., 2007). Promotion According to Kotler 2003, Promotion is that part of communication that consists of company message designed to stimulate awareness of, interest in, and purchase of its various products and services. Company use sales promotion, advertising, salesperson, and public relation to disseminate message designed to attract customers attention and interest. Sales promotion is any form of promoting sales where there is a call to action that results in a demonstrable benefit, whether tangible or not (Mullin, et al. 2008) Advertising includes any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. In contrast, public relations focus on building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favourable unpaid publicity. Personal selling is any form of personal presentation by the organisations sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships. Organisation use sales promotion to provide short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Direct marketing can be done face to face meeting, mailing, telephone, catalogue, etc. This is one way of building long term relationship with customers. Finally, companies seeking immediate response from targeted individual customers use non-personal direct-marketing tools to communicate with customers. Sales force is the face of company towards customers when providing or offering customers solution in either services or products. Their wo rking process has become from just selling to more complicated task. The sales representatives are the one that bring the needs of customers and the company together and create the mutual satisfaction. (Kotler et al., 2010). 2.2 Internet Marketing Internet marketing has become an important issue for many businesses around the world which have any form of commercial presence on the net. In the early days of direct marketing, efforts at reaching prospective customers could be best described as using a shotgun approach. By packing an envelope full of advertisements and coupons and mailing them out to a large amount of households, it was discovered that customers would actually respond by buoying some of the promoted products. Today, with the creation of large scale databases and internet that systematically collect information on households and individuals, direct marketing has become faster. Incentive-based marketing is a technique where the customer is rewarded or compensated for completed purchase transactions. Similar to the concept of rebates in the physical marketplace, online marketing incentives are driving the explosive growth in advertising and marketing revenues. The key difference, however, is that marketer can extrac t information from online consumers by providing them additional incentives? This information can then be used in conjunction with other direct marketing plans to design and deliver targeted messages (Lee, 2001). Most of the households use internet nowadays via laptop, mobile, palmtop, PC, Etc. The 2010 internet access survey of households and individuals measure home access to the internet and individuals use of the internet across the UK shows that 30.1 million adults used the internet everyday or nearly every day. 73 percent of households had internet access and 31 million people bought or ordered goods or services online in the last 12 months. As we can see on the chart of adults using the internet almost every day in appendix B shows that the number of internet users has almost doubled from 2006 till date. (Internet Access, 2010) According to Hoffman et al. 1995, Internet is a new marketing tool that can be used by companies in order to reach their customers. Internet marketing is defined as the application of the internet and related digital technologies to achieve marketing objectives and support the modern marketing concept. Internet marketing is often presented as a new theory of marketing however some argue that basic concepts form the traditional marketing are still valid. Internet offers new opportunities to adapt the basics of marketing mix. (Chaffey, 2000). Price Price transparency on the internet as it is much quicker and easier to compare prices by visiting companys websites or by using prices comparison sites has made the business more competitive than was on the traditional marketing. Also the main reason of being competitive is the ability to reduce costs of store spaces and staff costs. As already mentioned above this is the reason of internet marketing being cost effective tool of marketing (Hagel, 1997). Online payment is new methods of payment that internet offers. Credit cards are seen as an efficient, convenient and flexible payment method for both customers and companies. However, customers are less confident about the service because of the security and privacy issues. Product Internet marketing is the most cost-effective way to market the products to the UK and the world. The internet leads to faster discovery of customer needs, greater customisation of the products to the customer needs, faster product testing, and shorter product life cycles (Eid et al., 2002). Internet provides the opportunity of offering a core product that satisfies the customers fundamental needs. On internet, a picture or description will replace the physical product offered in the traditional marketplace or in stores. Services offered on internet by a company should reflect the following factors in order to satisfy customers: reliability, responsiveness, competence, ease of use, security, and product portfolio. (Yang et al., 2004) Place New way of distributing product is done in internet marketing i.e. online selling. People can make decisions and purchase any product from anywhere in the world. Allen and Fjermestad 2009, argue that the internet has the greatest implications for place in the marketing mix because it has a large market place. Companies can gain the advantage of the low cost of advertising internationally without the necessity of a supporting sales infrastructure in different countries as they can expand their business form local market to both national and international markets. Internet also helps take advantage of new markets (Chaffey, 2000). Promotion Internet marketing as a promotional tool can give business a presence all over the world. Advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, etc are the elements of communication mix which can be done with the use of new way of marketing that is internet marketing. For example, websites and email are the effective tools to review the new ways of communicating to the customers (Chaffey, 2000). Companies can encourage their customers to visit their websites and increase sales by sending emails remainders and different offers frequently. Internet helps to inform customers of the benefits of the product and assist in different stages of buying process. Companies can use internet to deliver their messages to their customers and attract them with the help of online advertising. Customers are always encouraged to buy when they see offers or the cheaper product compared to other competitor brand. Thus, sales promotion on the internet and emails is very used nowadays by the companies. This also helps company to keep long term relationship with its customers. Internet offers companies the opportunity to publish the news directly which is a part of public relations. Customers are sent emails to remind about the product and services that the company offers which also encourages the customers to send feedbacks and helps keep in touch. This is the part of direct marketing done by the companies as internet marketing tool (Chaffey, 2000). 2.3 Comparing Traditional and Internet Marketing Mix Traditional marketing and internet marketing is compared on the basis of its marketing mix or 4 Ps. This gives clear idea of different issues that either internet or traditional marketing carry in their tools. Price The cost of supply chain or the cost of distribution channel determines the price of the product. The bigger amount of cost is saved through internet marketing which can result lowering the product price. The cost of product may reach the paramount because of the management of distribution channel in the traditional marketing (Kotler, 2003). Tough competition in the internet marketing exist as the competitors can scan our potential pricing strategy and also our potential customers can reach to the competitors on one click. There is always security problem in the internet marketing, where customers may not feel safe paying online through their cards rather paying in the physical store where they can have more control over the payment process (Kotler, 2003). Product Product that the company offer in websites in internet marketing is just a virtual image where customers cant touch or feel. Whereas, in traditional marketing the product is tangible and customers can experience the quality by feeling it. Customer can sometimes change purchase decision because of lack of physically reaching and feeling the product (Lee, 2002). Company can offer wide range of products via internet marketing but it is not possible or it costly to offer wide range of products in the physical store. There will be more problem of storing and staffs handling inventory in traditional marketing than in internet marketing (Kotler, 2003). Place Customers can be attracted by decorating the store, like some stores does in the Christmas and New Year to create a specific atmosphere. This is only possible in traditional marketing but is not possible in the internet marketing as it is just a virtual image. Even though many of the websites try to create an atmosphere, but it is not as real experience as can be created in the physical store. In the traditional marketing customers have to wait and plan for the opening hours of the store and reach the store but in the internet marketing they dont have to bother about opening hours and the location. They can shop anytime and form anywhere from the world (Kotler, 2003). Promotion Time is money, what people say nowadays. The internet marketing helps save time of the customers and the company by the speed of reaching message to the customers about the product and services and also the purchasing process is done speedy. In traditional marketing it is not possible. Reaching the targeted customers is made easy with the help of internet marketing and can continue the relationship with them (Kotler, 2003). Face to face communication with customers creates bond between business and the customers. The company can get lots of advantages like they can get straight feedback and can measure result quickly. Communication is both sided in traditional marketing whereas it is not practical in internet marketing (Kotler, 2003) A website helps company to present itself in many ways where the customer can study different aspects of the company and get to know it well where as this is not possible in the same way through traditional tools for promotion (Kotler, 2003). A good website is very important for succeeding in online marketing. According to Sunday Times, some important guidelines for a good website for a company are: Keep sites simple and easy to use. Think user journey rather than individual pages. Provide clear information on contacts, delivery and refund policies Let shoppers browse without having to register. Build trust. Comparison of internet and traditional marketing On the basis of theories presented above, the main advantages of both internet marketing and traditional marketing is shown in the table as a bullet points. Marketer can adopt the positive aspects of either approach pointed out in this table. Internet Marketing Traditional Marketing Cost effective Personal Service Variety of products Physical access to product Reach targeted customers easily Quick feedback face-to-face Faster speed and communication Less tough competition Opens 24/7 Atmosphere of physical store Easy payment Secure payment Figure 2.3 Comparison on Internet and traditional marketing 3. Research Methodology There are different methods of data collection that we need in order to answer the research problem of this thesis. The two approaches are qualitative research and quantitative research which helps us explain the phenomenon. Qualitative research is typically used to answer questions about the complex nature of phenomena, often with the purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena from the participants point of view. Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon. Qualitative research focuses on understanding the research subject by investigating the results based on direct observations, in depth interviews and analysis of documents and materials (Leedy et al., 2005). On the other hand, Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quality or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity (Kumar, 2008). The aim of this research is to make a comparison between traditional marketing and internet marketing and find the effective tools in these two approaches used by a chosen group of companies in food industry. Therefore qualitative research method is mainly used in this research. This enables the author to explore all areas of the topic at hand and also give a thorough understanding and analysis. 3.1 Data Collection Approaches There are mainly two approaches of data collection. Primary and secondary data collection is the two approaches of data collection and the author in this research will be using both the approaches for the data collection. Primary data First hand information gathered directly from the source, through experiments, observations, and interviews through mails, telephones, emails or personal interviews which are close to the truth are called primary data (Leedy et al., 2005). The primary data used in this study research was collected through interviews. The interviews were done with the managers of three companies in food industry they are: Popadoms, Zaffron Restaurant Bar and Sultan Balti Palace. Interviews with the marketing managers of Popadoms, Zaffron Restaurant Bar and Sultan Balti Palace were done through phone call. Based on some specific qualities they have and all three could give us different point of views on the subject, these companies were chosen. The main qualities that these companies share are that they are successful, growing and use both internet and traditional marketing tools. Popadoms offer mainly takeaways with the finest and freshest Indian food locally (Popadoms, 2010); Zaffron Restaurant Bar offers both service and foods for dining in customers with affordable price (Zaffron, 2010); again Sultan Balti Palace offers tourists with different new Indian foods with takeaway and dining in facilities (Sultanpalace, 2004). The author in this research has formulated a number of questions based on the data required to be able to come a conclusion regarding the research problem. To be certain of acquiring the necessary information as effectively as possible, the interview questions were structured according to the limited time for this research and keeping in mind difficult accessibility to the specific individuals that were interviewed and their busy schedules. Secondary data Secondary data is information that has been gathered by someone other than the researcher and/or for some other purpose than the project at hand. Secondary data could be in form of books, journal articles, online data sources, etc. (Leedy, 2005). The secondary data that the author will collect is through internet and books that are trustable. The statistics can be referred to as quantitative data will be gathered from the website of the UK National Statistics. Validity is establishing correct operational measures for the concepts being studied (Yin, 1994). In order to ensure the validity and reliability of this research, the methods and theories used to conduct this study were chosen from literatures written by authors known to be experts in this field and scientific articles form data bases recommended by Universities. Criticism The empirical data was collected through interviews done with the managers of three companies operating in food industry in UK; therefore the author cannot conclude that the result can be applicable for the whole food industry in UK. With the choice of qualitative research and the mentioned limitations, the author of this research cannot give a general conclusion applicable for other industries in the UK. 4. Empirical Data The author of this thesis will present the companies chosen as examples form food industry in UK. The companies were all chosen from the same industry to rule out the industry differences. The author contacted the companies to obtain information about the marketing conducted in respective companies. The marketing managers of these companies were just able to answer quickly by telephone due to lack of time. However, all these companies invited the authors to find more information on their websites; therefore some of the information presented in this part is from the companies websites. The questions asked with the managers in the interviews of all three companies are as follows: Interview questions: 1. What marketing tools does your company mainly use? 2. Which marketing tool does your company consider most effective? Why? 3. What are your point of view on Internet marketing and its importance for your company? 4.1 Popadoms Company Profile Popadoms is an Indian restaurant based in residential area Farnborough, Hampshire, UK. It opened 11 years ago and offers great Indian cuisine 7 nights a week. The restaurant is well established and has lots of regular customers. The restaurant also has a free local home delivery service and offers a great takeaway service (Popadoms, 2010). Interview Answers The marketing manager was asked to give the marketing tools used as their marketing strategy in the company, which tool is considered most effective and how internet marketing was perceived in the restaurant. The manager answered that the company uses mostly printed and online advertising. For example, the company use leafleting and posts for the promotion and advertisement. They use websites and send emails as online marketing tools. About the marketing tool perceived as the most effective, the answer was that the company uses a combination of traditional marketing channels because these allow the company to capture local customers and reminds them their local restaurant. Internet marketing is an important marketing tool for Popadoms because it gives the company the possibility to spread information faster. Also from the statistics we know that internet users are increasing and ordering online. The manager doesnt think that the success of the company only depends on internet marketing, and there is no such specific tool to success. 4.2 Zaffron Restaurant Bar Company Profile Zaffron Restaurant Bar is located in town centre of Farnborough, UK. It was established in 2001 and serves Indian food and drinks 7 days and nights a week. They have separate bar for their takeaway customers where they can have some drinks while waiting. They have more than 70 seating capacity and serves tourists as well as local customers. They are near Premier Inn, Aviator hotel and Farnborough airport which helps them to attract tourist customers (Zaffron, 2010). Interview Answers The marketing manager was asked about the marketing tools they use for their marketing and the effectiveness of these marketing approaches in their business strategy. The main marketing tools used by this company are according to the marketing manager Internet, homepage and traditional advertisement. As response to what the most effective tools would be, there was no general answer given. It was stated that in different types of marketing they use different marketing tools. It depends on what they want to achieve. The point of view of the respondent about Internet marketing was positive. The manager considers Internet to be very important for their company. It helps them reach the right customer quickly and use different channels. It was stated that the company couldnt succeed as well without Internet nowadays. It helps them to get their message out fast and reach a wider market. He believes Internet marketing helps their business and revenues grow. 4.3 Sultan Balti Palace Company profile Sultan Balti Palace is now in its 10th year and is busiest Indian restaurant in Wokingham. It is in the heart of the Wokingham town and serves an average of 650 customers a week. An article in a local newspaper referred to the restaurant as having Poppadoms in the Premier League. It is two storey restaurants and is in listed Tudor building. Sultan Palace holds 25 seats on the ground floor and 55 seats upstairs in the main restaurant. The restaurant serves a range of tempting and delicious light meals and snacks at lunchtime. In the evening the restaurant is well known for its traditional Balti style cuisine. There is a private room that holds 30 covers that can be hired for parties and functions (Sultanpalace, 2

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter By: Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter has four main characters, Hester Prynne, the woman accused of Adultery, Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s husband from Amsterdam. They are still married and no one knows that they are. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, the man who Hester committed the crime with, and Pearl. The story takes place in Boston, where Hester is accused of adultery and has to wear the letter A on her chest. Hester receives her punishment on a Scaffold. The Reverend Dimmesdale asked Hester who the other person was that helped her commit the act of adultery with her. Hester doesn’t reply. As Hester is on the Scaffold, she is holding her child, Pearl. After a while they leave Hester on the Scaffold in the hot sun for more than one hour as part of her punishment. Then they took her to jail where she stayed for more than a year. While Hester and Pearl are there, Chillingworth comes into the picture and pretends that he is a doctor and goes to take care of the women and the child. There, Hester and Chillingworth talk about what happened, and asks her who is the father of this child? Hester would not tell the identity of Pearl’s father. When Hester doesn’t say, Chillingworth makes her promise that she will not tell that he is her long last husband. Hester says ye s, but Chillingworth tells Hester that he will stay and he will find out the name of Pearl’s father. Then he leaves Hester and Pearl. One year later, Hester was released from jail. Hester cannot live in town because of what happened, the town people think that Hester is evil. They don’t want her there; they use Hester as an example of what happens when a person commits a sin in the Puritan life. So now Hester lives in the country where she makes cloths in order to make a living for herself. She shows off the wonderful clothing for Pearl. Pearl, at the moment, is the only friend Hester has. Later in the story, Hester goes to take a pair of gloves, which she made, to the governor. She sees the governor outside of the house; he is with Mr. Wilson, Arthur Dimmesdale, and old Roger Chillingworth. When they see her and Pearl, Pearl starts to act up. They walk up to them and say that they are going to take Pearl away from Hester, and make her go to church every morning.

Communication and Young People

UNIT 1 PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPING RELATIONSHIPS WITH CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS 1. 1. 1 EXPLAIN WHY EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPING RELATIONSHIPS WITH CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS Communicating effectively with children, young people and adults is very important to enable strong and positive relationships between these groups. Related article: Contribute to Evaluating the Effectiveness of Agreed Methods of CommunicationCommunicating positively with adults, this includes teachers and parents, is an important part in helping build a strong and trusting relationship with each other, therefore opening the lines of communication, both written and verbal, so I can put forward any ideas regarding lesson plans, activities or any concerns I have regarding the child. Developing positive relationships with children and young people will create a happy, calm and safe environment. Children and young people will then feel able to approach me and talk about any concerns they may be having that could affect their learning or social skills.It is important to listen and use positive language when communicating, this can include eye contact, nodding and showing interest. Knowing the child’s care goals and any IEP's will help identify the needs of the child. 1. 1. 2 EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIONSHIP BUILDING WITH C HILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS The principles of relationship building are built on mutual respect, willingness to listen to each other and trust. There needs to be clear and effective communication which includes positive body language and consideration between each other. Always remember everyone is different in their beliefs, values and religion.Use diversity positively. 1. 1. 3 EXPLAIN HOW DIFFERENT SOCIAL, PROFESSIONAL AND CULTERAL CONTEXTS MAY AFFECT RELATIONSHIPS AND THE WAY PEOPLE COMMUNICATE Different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect relationships and the way people communicate because of a lack of understanding of one anothers background and culture. When communicating with others we may need to adapt the way we communicate in different situations, for example formal and informal communication. Formal communication could be a meeting with the teacher, outside groups and following policies and procedures.Knowledge of events happening outside the schoo l ie at home may explain a persons behaviour, so talking to the teacher and getting as much information as possible may help communication within the relationship. Understanding the affect of language and non-verbal communication is important in maintaining a good relationship. Maintaining professional relationships with children at all times helps the children with boundaries and what is acceptable behaviour. The ethos of the school sets out how the children are expected to behave. UNIT 1UNDERSTAND HOW TO COMMUNICATE WITH CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS 1. 2. 1 EXPLAIN THE SKILLS NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE There are many skills needed to communicate with children and young adults. I should use eye contact and actively listen by using positive body language, facial expressions and by reacting and commenting on what is being said. I should always be approachable and find opportunities to speak to children. Giving children enough opportunities to talk and e xpress themselves may boost their confidence when speaking to adults.When speaking to children I would get down to their level so they don't feel intimidated. I would smile, nod and make appreciative sounds to show that I was interested and fully attentive in what they have to say. Always be polite, relaxed, confident and articulate. 1. 2. 2 EXPLAIN HOW YOU WOULD ADAPT COMMUNICATIO FOR: (a) THE AGE OF THE CHILD/YOUNG PERSON (b) THE CONTEXT OF THE COMMUNICATION (c)COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES I would always take into consideration the age of the child/young person I was communicating with and adapt my language appropriately.I would always ask questions to ensure they understand what is being communicated. I would always praise and encourage the child/young person. There can be differences in accents, languages or speech difficulties. We must respect communication differences by working to provide an environment which prompts diversity. This can be done by using welcome signs in differen t languages also learning essential greetings in these languages would be beneficial. Displaying pictures reflecting multicultural images could bridge communication differences.There are many group activities including preparing food from other cultures and celebrating multicultural festivals that can make people with cultural differences feel included. Makaton is also a great way of communicating with someone with speech difficulties. 1. 2. 3 EXPLAIN THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMMUNICATING WITH ADULTS AND COMMUNICATING WITH CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE When communicating with children I should be clear, concise and use appropriate language for their age, needs and abilities by using words and phrases they will understand.I should actively listen to children and respond positively. I would ask questions to prompt responses and check understanding. I would always concentrate on what the child is saying and keep eye contact, smile and nod. When communicating with children I would alwa ys give encouragement and praise. When communicating with adults I would always maintain professionalism and always respect their ideas. There are many types of communication that can be used including email, letters and texts. I would always comply with policies and procedures for confidentiality, sharing information and data protection.If there were any poor areas of communication I would always discuss and resolve these problems in a clear, concise and respectful manner. 1. 2. 4 EXPLAIN HOW TO ADAPT COMMUNICATION NEEDS OF ADULTS I should always communicate clearly with other adults and treat them with respect. I would always listen to their views and opinions. I would speak clearly, concisely and with confidence. 1. 2. 5 EXPLAIN HOW TO MANAGE DISAGREEMENTS WITH CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS When managing disagreements I must listen to all sides of the conflict and assess the whole situation.Remain calm and maintain pupil safety. I would give the people involved time and space to calm down and then speak to the individuals to see what caused the disagreement. I would try to resolve the issues by negotiation and always reinforce good behaviour with encouragement and praise. UNIT 1 UNDERSTAND LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR CONFIDENTIALITY AND SHARING INFORMATION, INCLUDING DATA PROTECTION 1. 3. 1 SUMMERISE THE MAIN POINTS OF LEGISLATION AND PROCEDURES COVERING CONFIDENTIALITY, DATA PROTECTION AND DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATIONConfidential information is information that should only be shared with people who have a right to have it. Confidential information can include SEN records, health and medical information and social services information. Consent is required if this information is passed onto others. This confidential information must only be used for the purpose for which it was gathered. Except where a pupil is potentially at risk, information should not be given to other agencies unless previously agreed. I would always follow the schools poli cies and procedures regarding confidentiality and the sharing of information.The Data Protection Act 1998 deals with the processing of personal data. It also safeguards the storage of data kept on computers, including hard drives and floppy discs. Certain information is exempt for disclosure if it is likely to cause harm to the physical or mental health of a child or someone else. I should never agree confidentiality to a child who is in harm, this is illegal. Under the Data Protection Act 1998 all settings processing personal information must comply with the eight principles of good practise.Personal data must be; fairly and lawfully processed processed for limited purposes adequate, relevant and not excessive accurate not kept longer than necessary processed in accordance with the data subjects rights secure not transferred outside the EU without adequate protection Individual rights are protected by the Data Protection Act 1998, Human Rights Act 2000 and Freedom of Information Ac t 2000. the Equality Act 2010 provides a single legal framework with clearer legislation to effectively tackle disadvantage and discrimination.Included in the Human Rights Act 1998 is article 8, the right to respect private and family life, home and correspondence – unless this impacts on public security, safety, prevention of crime, protection of health or rights of others. It may be a breach of article 8 when sharing confidential information unless justified. Reasonable action should be taken, including information sharing, to safeguard the rights of individuals. The Children Order (Northern Ireland) 1989, section 47, sates that we have a duty to enquire were we suspect a child is at risk of significant harm.The Children Order 2004, section 10, There is a duty on children services to promote co-operation between agencies, social services and the police, to promote the well-being of children. This includes information sharing. There is a duty on schools to safeguard the welf are of children, this includes information sharing. This legislation is found in the Education Act 2002. UNIT 1 1. 3. 2 EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF REASSURING CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS OF THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF SHARED INFORMATION AND THE LIMITS OF THISI would never agree confidentiality to a child who is in harm. It is important to respect confidentiality to gain and keep the respect of others. I should make sure that I let others know my obligations and that parental consent would be needed before any information regarding their children could be shared with other professionals, however if there are any issues to indicate the child is at risk from harm or abuse or if there is a legal obligation placed on the school to disclose information, this can be done.I would explain to pupils who have medical conditions that their information needs to be accessible to all staff who are in contact with the pupils. 1. 3. 3 JUSTIFY THE KINDS OF SITUATION WHEN CONFIDENTIALITY MUST BE BREACH ED Confidentiality protocols must be breached in cases of suspected child abuse or when a child or young person is at risk. I would always inform the individual that this information cannot remain confidential and needs to be passed on to meet the needs of the child.

‘A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society’

â€Å"No one then had any compelling reason to take my hypothesis seriously, but by November 1952 I liked it well enough to print DNA  ® RNA  ® protein on a small piece of paper that I taped on the wall above my writing table in my rooms at Clare College.From the day of our first meeting, Francis Crick and I thought it highly likely that the genetic information of DNA is conveyed by the sequence of its four bases. But we knew it was premature to promote this idea before the structure of DNA was known. However, the moment we first saw how to build a double helix out of the four base pairs, it was clear that the essential uniqueness of a gene must reside in its respective sequence of four bases.†So wrote James D. Watson in his book, A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society. In this work, told with refreshing honesty, is the human story of how Watson and Francis Crick won a Nobel Prize for what may be the most important advance in the life sciences since Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species.In this collection of essays (written for a variety of occasions during the past three decades), Watson discusses the science and sociology of several issues – foremost are recombinant DNA, the nature of cancer research, the past, present, and future of DNA the Human Genome Project and its bioethical problems.The book starts with an autobiographical discussion of the events in Watson’s life that preceded his discovery of the double helix. He then describes his scientific mentors, collaborators and rivals, as well as his philosophy on science. (Watson’s advice for budding scientists: learn from the winners, take risks, have a fallback, have fun and stay connected.)In 1953, two young, unknown scientists sparked a worldwide revolution. Studying DNA for clues to the nature of genes, James Watson and Francis Crick deduced its molecular composition – two chains twisted into a double helix – and immediately realized that th e structure implied how genes were copied and passed from one generation to the next.Their observation has had extraordinary consequences: the discovery of a genetic code that all living things share and the realization that the code translates into proteins; the ability to alter an organism's genetic make-up; recognition that diseases like cancer begin when genes go wrong; the foundations of a biotechnology industry and the means of cloning plants and animals; a start on cataloguing human genes; and the glimmer of a new kind of medicine that uses DNA therapeutically.As public concern about genetically modified food mounts, here is Watson's salutary reminder, from a previous era of DNA anxiety, that restrictions on potentially rewarding research are justifiable only if there is robust evidence of likely harm.Commenting on the 1970s War on Cancer, he warns that effective leadership of publicly funded research initiatives, such as the current search for an AIDS vaccine, demands the co urage to support promising but risky new ideas and prune away anything less than the best. And as the first Director of the Human Genome Project, now approaching its climax, he acknowledges the past evils of eugenics but argues fiercely for the need to balance potential misuses of genetic data with the overwhelming benefits of a rational attack on the roots of disease.In an essay on cancer research and the â€Å"war on cancer,† Watson tells us that to win wars one must know the enemy and the location of the battlefield. When Richard Nixon declared a war on cancer, this information was not yet available. The discovery and elucidation of the action of oncogenes and of cancer viruses were pivotal for understanding the terrain, planning the strategy, and pursuing the war. Watson provides numerous examples to stress the necessity of research in the basic sciences for developing successful therapies against cancer.

Free Essays on Night And Catcher In The Rye

â€Å"A great book should leave you with many experiences and slightly exhausted at the end.† A well-written book should provide the reader with numerous occurrences and events throughout the literature. This is true because good literature takes the reader places in their imagination to satisfy them in their leisure time. In the first-person novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the narrator, Holden Caulfield, takes the reader on a flashback journey. Also, in the first-person memoir Night, by Elie Weisel, this lens is clearly presented. Through the use of literary techniques, setting is an important aspect that influences the unforgettable adventures that take place. An exceptional work of writing should present the reader with several experiences, offering slight wisdom at the conclusion of the work. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger creates brilliant literature that teaches and tires. Holden Caulfield has flashbacks of his journey of an exhausting 48-hour period in his life. This book is written in a first-person point of view to explain the narrator’s experience meticulously, in his own perspective. The man versus himself conflict that concerned Holden and his problem with school and communicating with his parents, played a major role in the explanation for his adventures. If he had not been kicked out of his school, Holden would not have to deal with the troubles of being on his own and traveling from place to place. Many authors use literary techniques to illustrate and improve the readers’ opinion of the book, such as Elie Weisel’s book, Night. Weisel’s memoir, Night, is another valid example of literature that brings a reader on a reverie, except this one is factual. This chronicle is written in a first-person point of view, making the literature seem even more realistic because it is the account for a first-hand experience. One of the most influential literary elements of this story is the se... Free Essays on Night And Catcher In The Rye Free Essays on Night And Catcher In The Rye â€Å"A great book should leave you with many experiences and slightly exhausted at the end.† A well-written book should provide the reader with numerous occurrences and events throughout the literature. This is true because good literature takes the reader places in their imagination to satisfy them in their leisure time. In the first-person novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the narrator, Holden Caulfield, takes the reader on a flashback journey. Also, in the first-person memoir Night, by Elie Weisel, this lens is clearly presented. Through the use of literary techniques, setting is an important aspect that influences the unforgettable adventures that take place. An exceptional work of writing should present the reader with several experiences, offering slight wisdom at the conclusion of the work. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger creates brilliant literature that teaches and tires. Holden Caulfield has flashbacks of his journey of an exhausting 48-hour period in his life. This book is written in a first-person point of view to explain the narrator’s experience meticulously, in his own perspective. The man versus himself conflict that concerned Holden and his problem with school and communicating with his parents, played a major role in the explanation for his adventures. If he had not been kicked out of his school, Holden would not have to deal with the troubles of being on his own and traveling from place to place. Many authors use literary techniques to illustrate and improve the readers’ opinion of the book, such as Elie Weisel’s book, Night. Weisel’s memoir, Night, is another valid example of literature that brings a reader on a reverie, except this one is factual. This chronicle is written in a first-person point of view, making the literature seem even more realistic because it is the account for a first-hand experience. One of the most influential literary elements of this story is the se...

Email Newsletters How to Make One That Your Customers Love

Email Newsletters How to Make One That Your Customers Love Did you know email marketing drives a reported 4,400% ROI? Believe it. Email is low-cost and direct. If people are on your email list, it’s because they want to hear from you. So, give them what they want with an irresistible email newsletter. With strategic planning, a consistent schedule, and sharp curatorial and copywriting skills, any marketer can create one that drives results. Follow along with this step-by-step process to get started. in oneplace. Save 20 hrs this week alone and every weekafter. If youve ever kicked the tires on , nows the time to see what its reallylike. Schedule Your Demo Success! Your download should start shortly. Clean up the chaos with your editorial calendar! With , youll Save time with blogging, social, and email think HOURS every week Schedule your social posts in batches and increase your posting frequency super easily Get your sht together and hold yourself accountable to publishing like the boss you are! Now’s the perfect time to start your 14-day free trial to see for yourself! Start Your Free Trial

A Permanent Death †Capital Punishment

There are five basic reasons that society uses when imposing punishment that Ive been able to conclude from my readings. I will discuss these societal concepts and show that the death penalty does not serve to further them. As a result William Smith should not be subject to the death penalty and in fact the same should be abolished from our system of punishment. Plagiarism Detection >Deterrence Deterrence is basically defined as the punishment should fit the crime. Under this concept, the individual committing the crime and society are prevented from committing this action again. In the case of the death penalty, an individual kills another human and he is punished for it by death. Punishment is supposed to be a temporary penalization for a wrongful action. Death is far from temporary. One is to learn from ones mistakes. How can the person learn if they are paying for their mistake with their life? In Ernest van den Haags article, The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense he states, The dea th penalty is our harshest punishment. It is irrevocable: it ends the existence of those punished, instead of temporarily imprisoning them. (Haag, 251). By imposing the death penalty the individual does not learn from their mistakes and neither does society.Economy Under this concept, punishment should be economical. As Haag points out, the monetary cost of appealing a capital sentence is excessive. (Haag, 253). Further, actual monetary costs are trumped by the importance of doing justice. (Haag, 253). Additionally there are specific costs associated with keeping an inmate on death row, (i.e. the cost of the specially built prison blocks, the need for maximum security, etc.) and more. These costs clearly out weigh the regular costs incurred to house a regular inmate. Deterrence is clearly not served by imposing the death penalty and society aims for justice are thwarted.Restitution Society demands that the punishment should fix the harm it has done. By sentencing a person to death n o harm has been fixed. You can not bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoners life. Punishment-regardless of the motivation is not intended to revenge, offset, or compensate for the victims suffering or to be measured by it. (Haag, 253).Retribution The community demands that justice be served. Would justice not equally be served and in fact may be better served by life imprisonment? I believe it would be a worse punishment to endure a life sentence in prison. The individual is deprived of his liberty. He will then suffer and live the rest of his or her life within three lonely walls and a set of bars. It gives the individual time to think and wallow in his own guilt.Someone kills another. The State then proceeds to kill him for doing so. This is not punishment but revenge. Revenge is inconsistent with societys demands that justice be served because the punishment has to fit the crime. Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is uncivilized, inhuman, inconsist ent with human dignity and with the dignity of life. (Haag, 254). Brennan speaks of moral imperatives. It is morally wrong for someone to kill someone. If so, then the state is committing a morally wrongful act. As they say, two wrongs dont make a right.Rehabilitation Society desires for its members to reintegrate themselves into society. Punishment includes preparing the person to reenter society and lead a productive life. Without doubt, if you impose the death penalty there is no opportunity for rehabilitation.Overview of the William Alvin Smith case William Alvin Smith robbed and killed the owner of a grocery store in Georgia when he was 20 years old. He turned himself to the police and signed a confession. The local jury condemned Smith to the electric chair but a federal judge ordered a new sentencing hearing for Smith on the grounds that he lacked the ability to understand the significance of waiving his rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present. Smith has the m ental capacity of a ten-year-old.Analysis of the William Alvin Smith Case in Relation to Societys Expectations of Punishment William Smith stands before you guilty but guilty of what? That is the question. I propose to you that the only thing we can condemn William Smith for is being guilty of being a child and acting the way a child would. Let us examine his actions. William Smith in whatever state of mind he was at the time he committed this act fully acknowledged that he did in fact do something wrong. I propose that he did that in exactly the manner that a child would go to a parent and admit their wrongdoing in order to obtain the parents forgiveness or perhaps their help.The State now stands in the role of parent in this case. Let us examine the position the State has taken when dealing with children that have committed violent crimes. I have but one question to ask: Do we kill our children? Let me give you a recent example the teenage girl in New Jersey who knowingly and pre meditatedly murdered her newborn baby at the prom and then went back to the prom dance. Another case comes to mind of the teenagers who conspired and did murder the girlfriends competition. An even better example would be the rash of murders committed in the nation by children in schools. In all these cases these children knowingly committed the heinous crime of murder.Once again I ask you: Do we kill our children? Has the State, exercising its discretion decided to impose the death penalty on any child? In every single case that I have just cited, these children have not been condemned to murder but their ability to comprehend the seriousness of their actions and other factors related to their youth have been taken into account. All have been sentenced to prison terms to be served in a youth facility.Another legal fact comes to mind in that some teenagers that have committed murders have petitioned the Court to treat the minor as an adult. The law allows a juvenile to be treated as an adult if it is determined that the juvenile in fact is a juvenile in age only yet has the mental capacity of an adult and should be treated like one. It stands to reason that there is room in the law for the inverse to apply. Plagiarism Detection >Why should this man die? He can not think, act or feel like a normal 20 year-old man. In this case, we have a situation of a person who has been adjudicated to have the mental capacity of a ten-year-old. How can we then shut our eyes to this basic fact of William Smiths mental capacity and just look at age as the overriding factor to consider when punishing him for his crime?Society demands that the punishment fit the crime. I have outlined above what society expects from punishment and the punishment that the State decides to give out to children in these matters. On both accounts it is clear that society is not served. Can you examine your conscience and decide to give a child, maybe your child, the death penalty? If so, go ahead and sentence William Smith to death and in doing so, thats exactly what you will be doing. You will be deciding lets kill our children.

Should there be laws limiting the paparazzi Research Paper

Should there be laws limiting the paparazzi - Research Paper Example These laws are often meant to be punitive in nature, and this is because it is believed that the paparazzi have taken matter to extremes through their ensuring that they get shots of celebrities living their lines. One thing which is not often considered by lawmakers when making anti-paparazzi laws is the fact that most of these individuals only get involved in such behaviour because of the popular demand from the public, to see the private lives of their favourite celebrities. It has been stated that the paparazzi has to be contained because of the belief that they adversely affect the lives of celebrities and their families, who would otherwise prefer to live private lives. The fact that quite a number of celebrities have ended up having accidents or even losing their lives as they attempted to escape the paparazzi are among the reasons why laws to curb paparazzi activities have been instituted. Most countries in the developed world are taking what is considered to be the paparazzi menace seriously, and they have come to put laws in place which have the intention of ensuring that celebrities and other important people are kept safe from the paparazzi (Neeley 36). The justification for such arguments have been found wanting and this is because many of the celebrities who the laws are meant to protect, while they deserve their privacy, also need to understand that they cannot avoid the consequences of their fame. The paparazzi have been blamed for the death of Princess Diana, who, it is claimed, was attempting to escape them when the accident that killed her took place (Hindman 666). The strength of such arguments has been based on what can only be considered to be falsehood because while the paparazzi might have been following Princess Diana, it was not they who caused her accident. On the contrary, it was her decision to run away from them which led to the accident that took her life. Thus, the laws limiting the paparazzi based on this argument can, therefore , be said to be unconvincing and an injustice on the paparazzi since they have a right to do their work under the protection of media freedom. One of the advantages of laws limiting the paparazzi that have been propagated is that they are meant to protect celebrities from the irresponsible behaviour of the paparazzi (Moreham 606). This has created a situation where almost all the actions carried out by the paparazzi has been found to be irresponsible, and this is despite the fact that it is the best way through which they can do their work. As a consequence, in many countries in the western world, the ability of the paparazzi to competently do their work and satisfy the demand for the photographs of individual’s celebrities from all over the world has been curtailed. Instead, the large scale attempt to muzzle the paparazzi has resulted in the destruction of media freedoms as guaranteed by the laws of almost all the states in the developed world (Komperda 25). It can be said t hat the passing of laws intended to curb the activities of the paparazzi is the first step in a process which is meant to limit the freedoms of media all over the world. It is a process which, despite the good intentions to protect the private lives of celebrities by lawmakers, might have a disastrous effect not only on the paparazzi, but also individuals all

Non_Traditional Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Non_Traditional Approach - Essay Example Also, the method could be used to identify common characteristics, or find strategic patterns across venues or people. Interpretive approach seeks to understand general concepts in specific contexts, uncover explanations about beliefs or underlying behaviour, reproduce and or capture time, place or culture for making intelligent conclusions about actions that people take. Lin (1998) described how interpretive and positivist qualitative work are different. There are differences in motivations, preferences, and actions which cannot be represented numerically. In the positivist approach, specifics within propositions are identified or tested. In the interpretive approach, the details are integrated into systems. The manifestations of beliefs are specific to cases. Positivist work comments about general principles of relationships by recognizing patterns that are general. Interpretive work does the same by identifying the general pattern in practice. It has been considered that interpretive approach can give confidence in conclusions. Researchers in social science have been critical of the aim of social science for provision of an objective and absolute view of the world. There has been a call for a reflexive stance for recognition of all social activity. This includes the research process that forms an ongoing accomplishment that is endogenous. This has resulted in the emergence of themes including a representation crisis; emphasis on constructive language nature; and reflexive research. This consequence is a debate about the methodology of reflexive research. The business practices at McDonald’s provide an interesting platform for reflexive analysis. Cunliffe (2003) has suggested the enactment of reflexivity through layers of narrative circularity. The narrative approach has been adopted for the McDonald`s study and customers and managers have been asked to describe their

Microbiology of conjunctiva Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Microbiology of conjunctiva - Essay Example Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most frequent ocular infection in the developed world accounting for up to 2% of annual consultations in primary care. 1,2,3 Although clinical course of bacterial conjunctivitis is often benign and self-limited 4, antibiotics has been shown to reduce the symptomatic period. 5,6 Antibiotic treatment may also limit spread of the causative bacterial strain that is frequently contagious and thus they may prevent epidemics.7 Choice of antibiotics is often empirical although the decision should be based on knowledge of common causative bacteria and their resistance profile. Emerging antimicrobial resistance and developing pattern of bacterial findings makes the choice of empiric treatment increasingly challenging. Diagnostic difficulties may lead to needless use of antibiotics 8,9 which may further stimulate resistance of bacteria even in extraocular sites. 10 Selection of antibiotics in treatment of bacterial infections in general must be adjusted according to prevailing bacterial properties. Worldwide emergence of multi-resistant bacteria, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is obvious. Activity of fluoroquinolones against some common ocular pathogens, for example, is also in jeopardy. 11 Bacterial findings in infants and older children have been well established and effectiveness of all local antibiotics has been demonstrated. 4, 12,4,13 Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae, for example, has also been documented in outbreak settings. 14 Distribution of bacterial isolates and differences in their resistance profile in conjunctivitis in different age categories of population, however, is not equally well characterized. The present study aims in defining distribution of pathogenic bacteria and their in vitro sensitivity in conjunctivitis amongst age groups. METHODS Patient population and conjunctival samples We analyzed data of consecutive 1139 conjunctival bacterial isolates

Histology practical write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Histology practical write up - Essay Example Upon the maturation of the beneficial T cells, they are released into the blood. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ (Paul, 2013). The spleen on its part is an immunologic blood filter. The spleen is of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, red blood cells and macrophages. The spleens functions by capturing antigens from the blood passing through the spleen. The migratory macrophages together with the dendritic cells transport the foreign bodies to the spleen through the blood stream. When the antigens get to the spleen and gets into contact with the appropriate B or T cells, an immune response is initiated. The B cells once activated produces large amounts of antibody which kills the antigen as well as aged red blood cells. The spleen contains two types of T-cells which are helper T-cells and killer T-cells. The helper T-cells are responsible for systematising the attack while the killer T-cells destroys the infected cell since it has then been turned into a virus reproduction factory. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ since it contains both T and B cells and requires an antigen entry to stimulate the lymphoid cells (Turgeon, 2014). Since the tissue sections are in wax, they are placed in hot plates for 2 minutes till all the wax is melted, and no traces of wax found in the tissues. Within a two-minute interval, the tissues are placed in absolute alcohol, 90% alcohol and 70% alcohol. In order to stain the tissues, they are placed in Ehrlich’s Haematoxylin for 45 minutes. Since this is a regressive stain, over stained tissues will have the stain solution removed with a tissue paper and rinsed for 30 minutes with tap water. The tissues should appear bluish purple/dark blue. The tissues are in acidic alcohol for 4 minutes and turn red. Immediately the slides are put into ammoniated alcohol and will turn blue. Within two-minute duration, the tissue

How has McDonald's change in the last 5 years in UK Essay

How has McDonald's change in the last 5 years in UK - Essay Example The major success of McDonalds is based on this franchisee business model. Approximately 70% of McDonald's worldwide restaurant businesses are owned and operated by independent businessmen and women, our franchisees. McDonald's first restaurant in UK was opened in 1974 in the province of Woolwich. This was owned and managed by the company directly. It was in 1986 that McDonalds started franchise model of business by opening franchise restaurant. Since then number of franchise restaurants in UK has been on steady rise. In this paper, we analyze how the structure of the McDonald's business model and how has it changed in UK. Today Big Business has a strength is the market. McDonald was able to make use this big branding image in UK market. It is natural that large business corporations account for major shares of output, employment, investment and trade. This article reviews five aspects of McDonalds during the last five years from 2001-2006. The major points we are going to discuss are 1. role of the large corporation as a feature of the UK economy 2. role of its business leaders 3. the managerial revolution 4. existing business environment and the size of Britain's large companies relative to other parts of the country. The beginning of this period is marked by a real testing periods for many corporates. Companies need to look for new business models to survive in this context. Understanding the managerial practice of McDonald, it will be meaningful to understand the objectives and concepts of re tailing. In the McDonald's franchise business model they will be supported by the world famous McDonald's system, in the areas of operations, training, advertising, and marketing to name but a few. McDonald's franchises restaurants to individuals only. Never to companies, partnerships, family groups or passive investors. Franchisees run their restaurant(s) as an independent business. They are responsible for driving the business forward and all normal business functions i.e. recruiting, marketing, accounting and administration and managing and representing the brand in the local community. Independent companies supply all raw materials, goods and services to each restaurant. All products used in the restaurant should have approval of the parent group. McDonald's Franchise Agreement is for twenty years. The competition in the food retail sector in UK is growing and the future of foodstuff trade belongs most likely to the retail chains. The retail chains in UK are fairly developed, as they do not differ much from the corresponding developing retail formats. The competition has increased with the entry for retail chains. The share of retail chains of the whole retail trade is at the moment estimated to be around seventy percent, they are taking over the markets at a rapid pace at the expense of unorganised forms of trade. The presence of large retail chains has an impact on the production side also. In the food production sector the competition is fierce, as big UK and foreign producers want to ensure their piece of the huge demand potential. Thus the largest producers are relentlessly utilising their size: they invest in big marketing campaigns and are willing to pay high entry fees to retail chains in order to secure a place on the store shelves and build a strong brand also in UK. Information on

Microbiology of conjunctiva Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Microbiology of conjunctiva - Essay Example Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most frequent ocular infection in the developed world accounting for up to 2% of annual consultations in primary care. 1,2,3 Although clinical course of bacterial conjunctivitis is often benign and self-limited 4, antibiotics has been shown to reduce the symptomatic period. 5,6 Antibiotic treatment may also limit spread of the causative bacterial strain that is frequently contagious and thus they may prevent epidemics.7 Choice of antibiotics is often empirical although the decision should be based on knowledge of common causative bacteria and their resistance profile. Emerging antimicrobial resistance and developing pattern of bacterial findings makes the choice of empiric treatment increasingly challenging. Diagnostic difficulties may lead to needless use of antibiotics 8,9 which may further stimulate resistance of bacteria even in extraocular sites. 10 Selection of antibiotics in treatment of bacterial infections in general must be adjusted according to prevailing bacterial properties. Worldwide emergence of multi-resistant bacteria, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is obvious. Activity of fluoroquinolones against some common ocular pathogens, for example, is also in jeopardy. 11 Bacterial findings in infants and older children have been well established and effectiveness of all local antibiotics has been demonstrated. 4, 12,4,13 Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae, for example, has also been documented in outbreak settings. 14 Distribution of bacterial isolates and differences in their resistance profile in conjunctivitis in different age categories of population, however, is not equally well characterized. The present study aims in defining distribution of pathogenic bacteria and their in vitro sensitivity in conjunctivitis amongst age groups. METHODS Patient population and conjunctival samples We analyzed data of consecutive 1139 conjunctival bacterial isolates

How has McDonald's change in the last 5 years in UK Essay

How has McDonald's change in the last 5 years in UK - Essay Example The major success of McDonalds is based on this franchisee business model. Approximately 70% of McDonald's worldwide restaurant businesses are owned and operated by independent businessmen and women, our franchisees. McDonald's first restaurant in UK was opened in 1974 in the province of Woolwich. This was owned and managed by the company directly. It was in 1986 that McDonalds started franchise model of business by opening franchise restaurant. Since then number of franchise restaurants in UK has been on steady rise. In this paper, we analyze how the structure of the McDonald's business model and how has it changed in UK. Today Big Business has a strength is the market. McDonald was able to make use this big branding image in UK market. It is natural that large business corporations account for major shares of output, employment, investment and trade. This article reviews five aspects of McDonalds during the last five years from 2001-2006. The major points we are going to discuss are 1. role of the large corporation as a feature of the UK economy 2. role of its business leaders 3. the managerial revolution 4. existing business environment and the size of Britain's large companies relative to other parts of the country. The beginning of this period is marked by a real testing periods for many corporates. Companies need to look for new business models to survive in this context. Understanding the managerial practice of McDonald, it will be meaningful to understand the objectives and concepts of re tailing. In the McDonald's franchise business model they will be supported by the world famous McDonald's system, in the areas of operations, training, advertising, and marketing to name but a few. McDonald's franchises restaurants to individuals only. Never to companies, partnerships, family groups or passive investors. Franchisees run their restaurant(s) as an independent business. They are responsible for driving the business forward and all normal business functions i.e. recruiting, marketing, accounting and administration and managing and representing the brand in the local community. Independent companies supply all raw materials, goods and services to each restaurant. All products used in the restaurant should have approval of the parent group. McDonald's Franchise Agreement is for twenty years. The competition in the food retail sector in UK is growing and the future of foodstuff trade belongs most likely to the retail chains. The retail chains in UK are fairly developed, as they do not differ much from the corresponding developing retail formats. The competition has increased with the entry for retail chains. The share of retail chains of the whole retail trade is at the moment estimated to be around seventy percent, they are taking over the markets at a rapid pace at the expense of unorganised forms of trade. The presence of large retail chains has an impact on the production side also. In the food production sector the competition is fierce, as big UK and foreign producers want to ensure their piece of the huge demand potential. Thus the largest producers are relentlessly utilising their size: they invest in big marketing campaigns and are willing to pay high entry fees to retail chains in order to secure a place on the store shelves and build a strong brand also in UK. Information on

Existentialism in Literature Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in Literature Essay Existentialism in literature is a movement or tendency that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. While Existentialism was never an organized literary movement, the tenets of this philosophy have influenced many diverse writers around the world and readers can detect existential elements in their fiction. Americans writers like William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck reveal existential elements in their writing. Perhaps the most prominent theme in existentialist writing is that of choice. Humanitys primary distinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Because we are free to choose our own paths, existentialists have argued, we must accept the risk and responsibility of following our commitments wherever they lead. American writers Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson often wrote about these concepts. Existentialism is not dark. It is not depressing. Existentialism is about life. Existentialists believe in living—and in fighting for life. The politics of existentialist writers around the world varies widely, but each seeks the most individual freedom for people within a society. Despite encompassing this wide range of philosophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are constant: ? Mankind has free will ? Life is a series of choices ? Few decisions are without any negative consequences ? Some events and occurrences are irrational or absurd, without explanation. ? If one makes a decision, he or she must follow through. So existentialism, broadly defined, is a set of philosophical systems concerned with free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Because we make choices based on our experiences, beliefs, and biases, those choices are unique to us—and made without an objective form of truth. There are no â€Å"universal† guidelines for most decisions, existentialists believe. Even trusting science is often a â€Å"leap of faith. † The existentialists conclude that human choice is subjective, because individuals finally must make their own choices without help from such external standards as laws, ethical rules, or traditions. Because individuals make their own choices, they are free; but because they freely choose, they are completely responsible for their choices. The existentialists emphasize that freedom is necessarily accompanied by responsibility. Furthermore, since individuals are forced to choose for themselves, they have their freedom—and therefore their responsibility—thrust upon them. They are â€Å"condemned to be free. † Many existentialist writers stress the importance of passionate individual action in deciding questions of both personal morality and truth. Personal experience and acting on ones own convictions are essential in arriving at the truth. 17th-century French philosopher and existentialist Blaise Pascal saw human existence in terms of paradoxes. He believed that â€Å"We know truth, not only by reason, but also by the heart. † And as many existentialists, he acknowledges that â€Å"It is the fight alone that pleases us, not the victory. † The modern adage that the journey is more important than the final destination applies to this idea. Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against traditional thoughts by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his or her own unique vocation. As he wrote in his journal, â€Å"I must find a truth that is true for me . . . the idea for which I can live or die. † Existentialists have argued that no objective, rational basis can be found for moral decisions. The 19th-century German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche contended that the individual using free will must decide which situations are to count as moral situations. He believed that â€Å"There are no facts, only interpretations. † . . . and he is famous for this well known adage:â€Å"That which does not kill me, makes me stronger. † The 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky is probably the most well-known existentialist literary figure. In his book Notes from the Underground the alienated anti-hero questions experiences in life that are unpredictable and sometimes self-destructive. French writer, Jean Paul Sartre wrote that man can will nothing unless he has first understood that he must count on no one but himself; that he is alone, abandoned on earth in the midst of his infinite responsibilities, without help, with no other aim than the one he sets himself, with no other destiny than the one he forges for himself on this earth. There is no ultimate meaning or purpose inherent in human life; in this sense life is absurd. We are forlorn, abandoned in the world to look after ourselves completely. The only foundation for values is human freedom, and that there can be no external or objective justification for the values anyone chooses to adopt. † When the Swedish Academy granted the Nobel Prize in Literature to Sartre for his work which, they recognized as â€Å"rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, [that] has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age,† Sartre made it known that he did not wish to accept the prize. In a public announcement, in1964, Sartre expressed his regret that his refusal of the prize had given rise to a scandal, and he wished it to be known that his refusal was not meant to slight the Swedish Academy but was rather based on personal and objective reasons. Sartre pointed out that due to his conception of the writers task he had always declined official honors so this act was not unprecedented. He had similarly refused other awards offered to him. He stated that a writers acceptance of such an honor would be to associate his personal commitments with the awarding institution, and that, above all, a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution.

Solar Cell and Solar Energy Materials

Solar Cell and Solar Energy Materials Introduction: One of the biggest challenges to mankind is highly depended on the decreasing fusil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas. Fusil fuels are nonrenewable energy resource which usually takes million of years to form. As a result, their reserves are depleted much faster than it forms. Furthermore, the combustion of these fuels causes environmental degradation through air pollution and global warming. Combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels creates not only air pollutants, for example, sulfur oxides, nitrogen odixe and heavy metals, but also carbon di-oxide, the notorious greenhouse gas widely considered to be the number one culprit of global climate change.[1] In order to protect our environment and provide energy security, energy generated from renewable sources has been extensively studied.[2] Though it will take some decades to come close to a truly sustainable energy system, the research is being conducted to find solutions to (1) increase efficiency in production, transmission, and u tilization of the remaining fossil fuels, (2) reduce negative impacts to the environment, and (3) develop or improve technologies and infrastructure for the smooth transition to the alternative/ renewable energy sources (e.g., nuclear power, solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, biomass and biofuels, and hydropower).[3] Among those, solar energy has many advantages such as availability and lower cost. The search and synthesis for low cost solar cell materials made of earth abundant elements has been a topic of extensive study across the globe. A brief historical background: In 1839,the photovoltaic effect was discovered by French physicist, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. He constructed the worlds first photovoltaic cell in his fathers laboratory at age nineteen, which was the beginning of solar energy materials technology. This experiment was done by illuminating two electrodes, which were coated by light sensitive semiconducting materials, with different types of light. He observed that electricity increases with the increase of light intensity. Then an English electrical engineer, Willoughby Smith, was discovered the photo conductivity of selenium in 1873. In 1883,Charles Fritts built the first true solar cells made from selenium wafer which is coated with a thin layer of gold. He found that the efficiency was only about 1%. In 1905, Albert Einstein published in a paper that light consists of â€Å"packets† or quanta of energy, which can be varied only with its frequency.[4] This theory was very simple, but revolutionary that explained the data of photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect was experimentally proved by an American experimental physicist, Robert Andrews Millikan, who later won the Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect and measurement of the charge of the electron. In 1954, a single-crystal cell of germanium and a cadmium sulphide p-n junction was developed with an efficiency of 6%. Later the University of Delaware found that the efficiency exceeds 10% with the first thin film solar cell which was made of copper sulfide and cadmium sulfide in 1980. In 2007,they achieved 42.8% efficiency in solar cell technology.[5] To date, the highest 44.8% efficiencies have been achieved by using multiple junction solar cells. Solar cell: Solar cell is electrical device which converts solar radiation into electricity by photoelectric effect. It consists of two types of semiconducting materials, one is n-type and another is p-type. When these two types of materials placed with each other, it forms depletion layer at middle of these two materials. When sun light falls on the depletion layer the materials absorb photon and the electron from filled valence band excites to the unfilled conduction band, which creates a hole and electron pair. The hole goes to the p-type conductor and the electron goes to the n-type conductor. If we complete the circuit by connecting these two materials we will see there is flow of electricity. [6] Fig 1: A schematic diagram of solar cell Some important Solar cell and solar energy materials Solar cells are typically consists of semiconducting materials and these cells are named after thesemiconducting materialsthey are made of. Thesematerialsmust have certain characteristics in order to absorbsunlight. Some solar cells are designed to absorb sunlight that reaches the Earths surface, while others are constructed foruse in space. Solar cells can be made of only one layer of light absorbing semiconducting material which is called single-junction. Sometimes cells can be made of multiple layers of semiconducting materials to take advantage of wide range of absorption and charge separation mechanisms which is called multi-junction. Solar cells can be classified into three categories according to generation: The first generation cells also called traditional, conventional orwafer based cells that are made ofcrystalline silicon which includes materials such asmono-crystalline and poly-silicon silicon. Second generation cells arethin film solar cells, that includeamorphous silicon,CdTeandCIGScells and are commercially significant in utility-scale photovoltaic power stations,building integrated photovoltaicsor in smallstand alone devices. The third generation of solar cells includes a number of thin-film technologies often described as emerging photovoltaics which are not yet commercially applied and are still in the research or development phase such as perovskite solar cells and quantum dots solar cells. Crystalline silicon The most prevalent bulk material for solar cells iscrystalline silicon(c-Si), also known as solar grade silicon. Bulk silicon is separated into two categories according to crystallinity and crystal size. Mono-crystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon In 1981, the first solar panels based on polycrystalline silicon, which also is known as polysilicon (p-Si) and multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si),was introduced to the market. Unlike monocrystalline-based solar panels, polycrystalline solar panels do not require the Czochralski process. Raw silicon is melted and poured into a square mold, which is cooled and cut into perfectly square wafers. Polysilicon cells are the most common type used in photovoltaics and are less expensive, yet less efficient than those made from monocrystalline silicon. Thin film Thin film technologies reduce the amount of active material in a cell. Most designs sandwich active material between two panes of glass. Since silicon solar panels only use one pane of glass, thin film panels are approximately twice as heavy as crystalline silicon panels, although they have a smaller ecological impact.[8]The majority of film panels have 2-3 percentage points lower conversion efficiencies than crystalline silicon. Cadmium telluride(CdTe),copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS) andamorphous silicon(a-Si) are three thin-film technologies often used for outdoor applications. CIGS technology laboratory demonstrations reached 20.4% as of December 2013. The lab efficiency of GaAs thin film technology topped 28%. Thequantum efficiencyof thin film solar cells is also lower due to reduced number of collected charge carriers per incident photon. Most recently, CZTS solar cell emerge as the less-toxic thin film solar cell technology, which achieved ~12% efficiency. Cadmium telluride Cadmium telluride is the only thin film material so far to rival crystalline silicon in cost/watt. However cadmium is a highly toxic andtelluriumsupplies are limited. Thecadmiumpresent in the cells would be toxic if released. However, release is impossible during normal operation of the cells and is unlikely during fires in residential roofs.[9]A square meter of CdTe contains approximately the same amount of Cd as a single C cellnickel-cadmium battery, in a more stable and less soluble form.[9] Copper indium gallium selenide Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is adirect band gapmaterial. It has the highest efficiency (~20%) among all commercially significant thin film materials. Traditional methods of fabrication involve vacuum processes including co-evaporation and sputtering. Recent developments atIBMandNanosolar attempt to lower the cost by using non-vacuum solution processes. Gallium arsenide thin film The semiconductor materialGallium arsenide(GaAs) is also used for single-crystalline thin film solar cells. Although GaAs cells are very expensive, they hold the worlds record in efficiency for asingle-junctionsolar cell at 28.8%.[10]GaAs is more commonly used inmultijunction photovoltaic cellsforconcentrated photovoltaics and forsolar panels on spacecrafts, as the industry favours efficiency over cost forspace-based solar power. Perovskite solar cells The name perovskite solar cell is derived from the ABX3crystal structureof the absorber materials, which is referred to as perovskite structure. The most commonly studied perovskite absorber is methylammonium lead trihalide (CH3NH3PbX3, where X is ahalogenion such asI−,Br−,Cl−). Formamidinumlead trihalide (H2NCH3NH3PbX3) is a recently studied newer material which shows promise, with a bandgap between 2.23eV and 1.48eV. This minimum bandgap is closer to the optimal for asingle-junction cellthan methylammonium lead trihalide, so it should be capable of higher efficiencies. The efficiencies of perovskite solar cell have increased to 12.8% in 2014.[11] This increased efficiency is making them a very rapidly advancing technology and a hot topic in the solar cell field. Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialization. Quantum dots semiconductor solar cell: Quantum dots are tiny particles or nanocrystals of a semiconducting material with diameters in the range of 2-10 nanometers. Due to high surface to volume ratios for these particles, quantum dots display unique electronic properties, intermediate between those of bulk semiconductors and discrete molecules. Due to their small size, the electrons in quantum dots are confined in a small space which is called quantum box. When the radii of the semiconductor nanocrystal is smaller than the exciton Bohr radius (exciton Bohr radius is the average distance between the electron in the conduction band and the hole it leaves behind in the valence band), there is quantization of the energy levels according to Pauli’s exclusion principle (Figure 1).[12][13]The discrete, quantized energy levels of quantum dots relate them more closely to atoms than bulk materials. Generally, as the size of the crystal decreases, the difference in energy between the highest valence band and the lowest conduc tion band increases. More energy or more energy light is then needed to excite an electron from valance band to conduction band. Therefore, the properties of semiconducting materials can be tuned by changing the size of the quantum dots. By using different sized quantum dots in multi-layer junction we can absorb wide range of light. Figure 4: Splitting of energy levels in quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect, semiconductor band gap increases with decrease in size of the nanocrystal.[12][13] Conclusion The primary energy sources: coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels are polluting our environment. Furthermore, these resources are quickly depleting and becoming extremely expensive day by day. Therefore, weneedtoconsiderrenewableenergysources such as solar energy, by using solar cells we cangenerate electricalpower by converting solar energy intoelectricity. Reference: Wang, Zhong Lin.Nanotechnology for the energy challenge. Ed. Javier Garcà ­a-Martà ­nez. John Wiley Sons, 2013. Hou, Yu, Ruxandra Vidu, and Pieter Stroeve. Solar energy storage methods.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research50.15 (2011): 8954-8964. Moniz, E. J.; Garcia-Martinez, J. Nanotechnology for the Energy Challenge; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2010 Einstein, Albert. The photoelectric effect.Ann. Phys17 (1905): 132. Delaware University, US, HP http://www.udel.edu/PR/ UDaily/2008/jul/solar072307 .html Li, Zhongrui, et al. Light-harvesting using high density p-type single wall carbon nanotube/n-type silicon heterojunctions.Acs Nano3.6 (2009): 1407-1414. Green, M. A. Recent developments in photovoltaics.Solar energy76.1 (2004): 3-8. Pearce, Joshua, and Andrew Lau. Net energy analysis for sustainable energy production from silicon based solar cells.ASME Solar 2002: International Solar Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002. Fthenakis, Vasilis M. Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews8.4 (2004): 303-334. Yablonovitch, E., O. D. Miller, and S. R. Kurtz. The opto-electronic physics that broke the efficiency limit in solar cells.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2012 38th IEEE. IEEE, 2012. Qin, Peng, et al. Perovskite Solar Cells with 12.8% Efficiency by Using Conjugated Quinolizino Acridine Based Hole Transporting Material.Journal of the American Chemical Society(2014). Reimann, S. M.; Manninen, M. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2002, 74(4), 1283. Bawendi, M. C.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 1990, 41, 477.